[转帖]看看国内外专家是怎么对GIS下定义的

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<TD class=oblog_t_4 bgColor=#dbdbdb><FONT size=3><IMG src="http://www.3snews.net/blog/images/face/1.gif"><a href="http://www.3snews.net/blog/more.asp?name=lily;id=154" target="_blank" >看看国内外专家是怎么对GIS下定义的</A></FONT></TD></TR>
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<DIV align=right>瓶子 发表于 2005-6-3 8:52:49</DIV></TD></TR></TABLE><BR>
<P>      以下是国内外专家对地理信息系统给出的不同定义<BR> （ 国外一些地理信息系统的定义摘自David J.Maguire,1991）。</P>
<P>1、DoE(1987:132)<BR>      a system for capturing storing checking, manipulating analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced the Earth.</P>
<P>2、Aronoff(1989:39)<BR>      any manual or computer based set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data.</P>
<P>3、Carter(1989:3)<BR>     an institutional entiry, reflecting an organizational structure that integrates technology with a database, expertise and continuing, financial support over time.</P>
<P>4、Parker(1988:1547)<BR>     an information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatioal and non-spatial data.</P>
<P>5、Dueker(1979:106)<BR>      a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatioally distributed features, activities, or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analysis.</P>
<P>6、Smith et al.(1987:13)<BR>      a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatiol entities in the database.</P>
<P>7、Ozemoy, Smith and Sicherman(1981:92)<BR>      an automated set of functions that provides professionals with advanced capabilities for the storge, retrieval, manipulation, and display of geographically located data.</P>
<P>8、Burrough(1986:6)<BR>      a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world.</P>
<P>9、Cowen(1988:1544)<BR>       a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced datain a problem-soling environment.</P>
<P>10、Koshkariov, Tikunov and Trofimov(1989:256)<BR>        a system with advanced geo-modelling capabilites.</P>
<P>11、Devine and Field(1986:18)<BR>       a form of MIS[Management Informaion System]that allows map display of the general information.<BR><BR>12、陈述彭等（1999，《地理信息系统导论》）：<BR>       由计算机系统、地理数据和用户组成的，通过对地理数据的集成、存储、检索、操作和分析，生成并输出各种地理信息，从而为土地利用、资源管理、环境监测、交通运输、经济建设、城市规划以及政府部门行政管理提供新的知识，为工程设计和规划、管理决策服务。</P></TD></TR></TABLE>